Multistability of saxophone oscillation regimes and its influence on sound production

The lowest fingerings of the saxophone can lead to several different regimes, depending on musician’s control and characteristics instrument. This is explored in this paper through a physical model saxophone. harmonic balance method shows that for many combinations musician parameters, regimes are stable. Time-domain synthesis used show how be selected initial conditions evolution (rising time) blowing pressure, which explained by studying attraction basin each stable regime. These considerations then applied study produced affected properties resonator. inharmonicity between first two resonances varied order find value leading best suppression unwanted overblowing. Overlooking multistability description biased conclusions. Results all slightly positive inharmonicity, close measured saxophone, leads register oscillations greatest range parameters. A perfect harmonicity (integer ratio resonances) decreases production, adds nuance one Benade’s guidelines understanding sound production. Thus, provides some posteriori insight into empirical design choices relative